有关Civil Rights Movement的几个问题~
你的问题有点笼统谁参加？还是主要问领导者 非裔美国黑人 参加 主要领导人是 W.E.B.Du Bois; Malcolm X; Martin Luther King, Jr.; Rosa Parks.就是那个马丁路德金时间发生在二战后 (1955–1968) 地点美国 这个网址很详细 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968) 英文的
商务英语口语常用词汇（11）
1.amalgamate vi.联合;合并;企业合并;混合
【商务用语】amalgamated company 合并企业
amalgamated product 融和积
2.amass vt.收集，积聚(尤指财富)
【商务用语】amass a fortune 积攒财富
【例句】During each war the monopoly capitalists amassed fabulous wealth.
垄断资本家们在任何一场战争中都大发横财。
3.ambiguity n.含义模糊，不确定
【商务用语】semantic ambiguity 语义含混(性)
signal ambiguity 信号不定性
structural ambiguity 结构歧义
4.amend vt.修正 vi.改良
【例句】The teacher advised him to amend his way of living.
老师劝他改变生活方式。
5.amendment n.修改;修正案;订正单
【商务用语】revised amendment 修订的修正案
tariff amendment 运价表订正单
budget amendment 追加预算
amendment of a contract 修改合同
【例句】The discussion on the amendment of the tax law passed off without a hitch.
有关修改税法的讨论顺利地结束了。
1.ailing adj.生病的，境况不佳的
【商务用语】ailing economy 病态经济
【例句】The finance of our company is involved in ailing situation.
我们公司的财政陷入了困境。
2.airway n.空中航线
【商务用语】airway bill 航运收据
airway delivery note 空运提货单
international airway 国际航路
global airway 环球航路
3.alliance n.联盟，联合
【商务用语】economical alliance 经济联盟
international Co-operative Alliance 国际合作社联盟
National Alliance of Businessmen 全国合作社联盟
【例句】The two countries made an alliance.
两国联盟。
4.allocation n. 拨款权，拨款;分摊，分配
【商务英语】allocation of funds 资金分配
additional allocation 增拨
additional budget allocation 追加预算
advance allocation 预付拨款
5.allotment n.分配数，按照分配;拨款
【商务用语】appropriation allotment 支出分配数
approved budget allotment 核定预算分配数
no-paid allotment 无偿分发新股票
specific allotment 特定预算分配
1.affinity n.密切关系;吸引力;亲和力
【商务短语】affinity of aggregation 集团亲和力，内聚力
unit affinity 设备相似
2.affirmation n. 断言;证实;批准
【商务用语】affirmation of a contract 批准合同
make an affirmation 断言
3.agenda n. 议事日程;待办事项记事册
【商务用语】place/put sth.on the agenda 把某事提到日程上来
action agenda 行动记录册
approved agenda 审定议程(最后通过的会议议程)
provisional agenda 临时议程
4.aggregate n.合计，总量;法人团体 adj.合计的 vt.合计
【商务用语】monetary aggregates 货币流通额
output aggregate 总产品
corporation aggregate 社团法人
aggregate expenditure 总支出
5.agreed adj.已经通过协议的，同意的
【商务用语】agreed valuation 协定价值(承运人与托运人互相协定的货物价值)
agreed price 议定价格
agreed charge 优待运费
agreed quantity of trade 议定贸易量
1.advisory adj.顾问的，咨询的;劝告的
【商务用语】advisory panel 顾问团
advisory committee 咨询委员会，顾问委员会
advisory commission 咨询/顾问委员会
advisory opinion 顾问意见
【例句】You should pay more attention to the advisory opinion.
你们应该多考虑一下意见。
2.aero adj.飞行的 n.飞机;飞行
【商务用语】an aero club 飞行俱乐部
aero lens (空中照相机所用)航空透镜
3.affidavit n. 宣誓书
【商务用语】affidavit of export 输出宣誓书
affidavit of support (经济)资助宣誓书
4.affiliate vt.接纳，使附属于 n.关系企业，联营公司 vi.有联系
【商务用语】connecting affiliates 企业联署/联营
foreign affiliate 外国联署企业;国外联号
securities affiliate 经营有价证券的分行
affiliate company 关联公司
【例句】This company is affiliated with that university.
这家公司附属于那所大学。
5.affiliation n.联署关系，联营关系，联号
【商务用语】business affiliation 企业联营
educational affiliation 教学用具
father-son-grandson affiliations 母公司、子公司、孙公司型的联营
reciprocal affiliations 相互投资的联营公司
商务英语常用语(4)
Autonomous company 具有自主经营权的公司
e.g. The group now consists of 29 autonomous companies, each with its own Managing Director. 该集团现在由29个具有自主经营权的公司组成，
availability 可销售能力
e.g. This kind of product is available world-wide. 该产品在世界各地均可买到。
Award 裁决、判给
e.g. The court awarded him damages of ￡ 5000. 法庭判给他5000 英镑的损失赔偿金。
Award dinner 颁奖宴会
e.g. The facilities manager at Parkway Hotel was calling about arrangements for the awards dinner next week. 帕克维酒店的设备部经理打来电话，询问有关下星期颁奖宴会的活动安排。
Award-winning 成功的，优等的，一流的
e.g. These are beautifully reproduced prints by award-winning American-Indian artists.这些是由成功的美国印第安艺术家巧妙复制的版画。
e.g. These award-winning homes from only ￡6990 have attracted quite a few people.
这些起价仅为6990英镑的一流毫宅吸引了不少人。
e.g. The resort hotel is located on its 11.5 acre award-winning site. 该饭店占地11.5 英亩，坐落在一流度假胜地。
Awareness 意识，认识程度
e.g. The booklet helped raise public awareness of the product. 这本小册子有助于提高该产品的知名度。
e.g. The old company started extensive advertising on radio to increase awareness among young people who had not been the company’s traditional customers. 这家老牌子公司开始在电台大做广告，以使从前不是其传统消费者的年轻人提高对产品的认识。
Axe 1 大幅削减
e.g. In an effort to save money our company president aced the promotions budget. 为节省开支，我们公司的总裁大幅削减了推广活动的预算。
Axe 2 裁员
e.g. Three people in the marketing department were axed last week and are now looking for new positions. 市场营销部的三名员工上周被解雇了，他们目前正在寻找新的工作
baby break 产假，停职育婴期
e.g. Helping their female employees to have a short baby break and smooth re-entry to the workforce would minimize the problems.帮助女性故园度过短暂产假后再顺利回到工作岗位，这样可以使问题减少到最低限度。
Back 支持、资助、赞助
e.g. They are expecting high returns after backing the new business. 他们期望将资金投入新企业后得到高回报。
Backdate 1 倒填日期（填写比实际更少的日期使七较早生效
e.g. She backdated the invoice date to November for tax purpose. 由于税务原因，她将发票倒填为11月。
Backdate 2 使（加薪或其他付款项目）在较早的日期开始生效
e.g. Your salary increase will be backdated to January. 加薪从1月份开始算起。
Backer 资助人
e.g. For thirty years, this wealthy American businessman was the backer of this enormously expensive project of photographing. 30年来，这位美国富商一直是这项耗资巨大的摄影计划的资助人。
Backlog 积压
e.g. we are now faced with a sizeable backlog of orders. 目前我们面临的积压定单数量巨大。
Backpack 背包
e.g. The backpack-type parachute, which is being marketed in the United States and Japan, has a $ 795 price tag and weighs four pounds. 这种背包式的降落伞标价为795美元，有4磅重，目前正在美国和日本的市场推。
Back pay 补发工资 （常为追补的加薪金额）
e.g. She received 6 months’ back pay in here July pay packet. 她领到7月份工资时还同时收到6个月的补发工资。
Backup 1 备份， 备用件
e.g. Did you make up a backup copy? 你做了备份了吗？
Backup 2 为……做备份，亦作back up
e.g. You can backup accounting records, business plans charts, graphs or confidential information on CDs for decades-safe and secure. 你可以把帐目记录，业务计划，图表或机密情报备份到光盘上，可保证数十年安然无恙。
Back-up facility 支持设备，辅助设备
e.g. The latest development is the use of the virtual office to provide essential back-up facilities to the self-employed. 目前，虚拟办公室的最新进展是被用来为个体经营者提供基本的支持设备。
Bad debt 坏帐， 呆帐， 倒账（无法收回的应收账款）
e.g. The bank wrote off one million pounds in bad debt. 银行注销了100万的呆帐。
Bad publicity 负面影响
e.g. When they started to raise prices, they might create bad publicity, which would hurt their brands. 当他们开始提价时，就可能造成负面宣传，损害其品牌。
Baggage allowance 行李重量限额
e.g. If the boss is traveling with a lot of heavy equipment he will probably exceed the baggage allowance by the airline. 假如老板携带很重的设备出差，很可能会超过航空公司规定的行李重量限制。
Bagstuffer 公告传单， 小型宣传品，通常在街头散发或在付款台前塞进顾客购物袋。
Balance 余额，平衡
e.g. If you choose not to use all of your Additional Benefit Funding for benefits, you’ll be paid the balance in cash, as part of your monthly pay. 如果员工不愿把所有附加福利金都花在支付各种福利项目上，余额将作为工资的一部分现金支付给员工
balance of payment 国际收支，简称BOP
e.g. It is also likely lead to a rise in imports and problems with balance of payment. 它还可能导致增加进口产品和出现国际收支平衡问题。
Balance sheet 资产负债表, 决算表，平衡表
e.g. successful managers must know how to read the balance sheet. 出色的经理必须知道如何阅读资产负债表。
Ballpark 1 活动领域；（价格、观点的）可变通范围
e.g. The two sides eventually found themselves in the same general ballpark. 双方终于发现在大问题上看法已趋一致。
Ball park 2 大致正确的
e.g. Unfortunately I can only give you ballpark figures today. 遗憾的是，今天我只能给诸位提供一个大概数字。
Bancassurance 银行保险业, 亦作bankassurance
e.g. The job losses stem largely from the amalgamation of TSB’s bank and insurance operations into a unified ‘bancassurance’. 丧失工作岗位主要是由于信托储蓄银行的银行业务和保险业务合并成为统一的银行保险业而引起的。
Bank charges 银行手续费
e.g. One significant expense is bank charges, which all businesses are forced to pay. 费用中的很大的一笔是手续费，所有的企业都必须支付。
Banking business 金融业，银行业
e.g. Credit lyonnais is in the banking business. 里昂信贷银行从事金融业务。
Bank on 依赖……获利
e.g. bank on brand 依赖品牌获利
bank statement 银行结帐，银行水单
e.g. The bank statement should be checked against the cash book to make sure the figures are the same and there are no discrepancies. 银行结帐单应与现金账簿核对，确保两者数字一致无不符之处。
Banner towing 条幅广告
Banqueting manager （酒店的）宴会经理
Bar chart 矩形图，条形图，直方图 也称bar graph or histogram （是以宽度相同的长条，按其长短或高低来表示指标或数值大小的一种图形。 有单式。复式和分段式三种。其中纵轴线称为vertical axis,横轴线称为horizontal axis.）
e.g. Last year’s sales figures for all our markets are shown on this bar chart. 我们所有市场去年的销售数字都显示在这个条形图上。
e.g. The bar chart below shows the cost of buying three different photocopiers. 以下条形图显示购买三种不同复印机所需的费用。
Bar code （打印在商品上，与电脑系统连接可读出商品价格和参考数据的）条形码，条码
e.g. The shop assistant scanned the bar code to check the price. 店员对条形码扫描以核对价格。
Bar graph 矩形图，条形图，直方图，也称bar chart 或histogram
e.g. the bar graph shows the sales of cars in different countries during August, September and October. 该条形图显示了八月，九月，十月这三个月里公司在不同国家的汽车销售情况。
Barrier crash （汽车）障碍试验
Barrister （英国、澳大利亚）（有资格出席高等法院）律师，出庭律师，大律师，相当于美国的attorney
e.g. He is a barrister specializing in employment law. 他是对劳工法有专门研究的大律师。
Base pay 基本工资
e.g. To know how much can be spent on benefits, you start with Base Pay. 要了解有多少钱可用于享受福利，须先看基本工资
Bancassurance 银行保险业, 亦作bankassurance
e.g. The job losses stem largely from the amalgamation of TSB’s bank and insurance operations into a unified ‘bancassurance’. 丧失工作岗位主要是由于信托储蓄银行的银行业务和保险业务合并成为统一的银行保险业而引起的
base rate 基本利率，基础利率
e.g. the interest which a bank charges on loans is at a rate which is usually higher than its base rate. 银行收取的的货款利率通常高于其基础利率。
Batch 成批的产品
e.g. this is batch of watches that all have the same fault. 这就是那批有同样毛病的表。
e.g. the first batch of applicants was being processed by the personnel department. 人事部门正在处理第一批求职者。
Bath mat 浴室脚垫
Bear market 熊市 (通常指股市、汇市等金融市场价格下跌或疲软)
e.g. if the market is thought to be poor and prices on the Stock Exchange are thought to be likely to fall, the market is called to be a bear market. 市场疲软，股价看跌，这种股市被称为熊市。
Benchmark 基价，基准尺度
e.g. these price will act as a benchmark for other firms. 这些价格将作为其他公司的基价。
Beneficiary 受益人
e.g. the beneficiary-the person who gets the money when someone dies-is usually a member of the policyholder’s family. 人寿保险收益人通常是投保人的某一家庭成员。
Benefit premium. (基本工资之外的)福利津贴
e.g. your benefit premium is the additional amount over and above base pay which is provided to help fund your benefits. 福利津贴指的是基本工资以外，高于基本工资，用来自主所享福利的额外收入。
Benefits package 一揽子福利，福利套餐（指工资以外的福利，如健康保险，住房或股票等等）
e.g. Because it was necessary to drive long distances to see customers, the benefits package we offered to sales people at our company included a new car. 由于拜访客户需要开车跑很长的路，所以我们提供给公司销售人员的福利套餐包括一辆车。
e.g. She was offered an excellent benefits package at the interview. 面谈时用人单位向他许诺优越的一揽子福利
best selling author 畅销书作家
Big Blue 蓝色巨人，美国IBM 的俗称，因为其早期的大型计算机上的图形标志呈蓝色。
Big-ticket (美俚) 高价的，昂贵的
e.g. Automobile is still a big-ticket item. 汽车仍然是昂贵用品。
Bilingual 具备双语能力的，熟悉两种语言的。
e.g. suitable bilingual applicants will have worked in a similar position here or abroad for at least two years. 符合条件者必须是具备双语能力，并在国内或国外相同职位上工作过至少两年的申请者。
e.g. To be bilingual, one has to be bicultural. 要掌握两种语言，必须掌握两种文化。
Bill 要求……支付
e.g. Michigan officials are planning to bill the federal government for the state’s fire-fighting costs. 密歇根州的官员们打算要求联邦政府支付该州的消防费用。
Billboard 露天大广告牌
e.g. Saturn has chosen to price their car rather inexpensively, has promoted the car mainly through television advertisements and billboards and distributes the car exclusively through Saturn dealerships. “土星”汽车选择了低价位政策，主要利用电视广告和露天广告牌促销并通过经销商销售。
e.g. There are American flags visible EVERYWHERE, on the rooftops, on cars, on the billboards, on the boats. 在屋顶、车上、广告牌上、船上，美国旗到处可见。
Bill of entry 报关单
e.g. they are preparing bill of entry for customs. 他们正在为海关准备报关单。
Bill of lading 提单
e.g. documentation for export shipments includes the bill of lading. 出口货物运输所需文件包括提单。
e.g. the full contract details appear on the back of the bill of lading. 提单背面印有全部和约的细则。
Binding machine 装订机
e.g. A binding machine fixes sheets of paper together like a book. 装订机用来把成叠的纸按图书装订
from tomorrow on, I will knock off the chinese sentence explaination parts. if any buddy have any question about it, we'll discuss it together. :)
Bingo card 宾戈卡（出版者随杂志发出的已付邮资的明信片，读者可凭卡免费函索广告中有关产品的信息）
Bioengineered food 生物工程食品
e.g. Bioengineered food is the brave new wave of the future, but should consumers ask more questions? 生物工程食品是未来绚丽夺目的新浪潮，但消费者是否应该多问一点问题？
Biotech 生物技术，亦作 biotechnology
e.g. Biotech is the industry most apt to confuse fantasy with reality. 生物技术很容易把幻想和显示混为一谈。
Biotechnology 生物技术，同上
e.g. the number of alliances between the pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology groups is increasing. 制药公司和生物技术公司的结盟日益增加。
Black economy 黑市经济 （指为逃税而隐瞒收入的地下经济）
e.g. the part of an economy which is not declared to the tax authorities is known as the black economy. 不向税务部门申报的经济领域被称为黑市经济。
Black Friday （尤指经济领域内灾难性的）黑色星期五，灾难性的一天
Black Monday (股市狂跌的) 黑色星期一
Blockbuster 大力促销，生意兴隆
e.g. All the major groups are currently looking for the block buster remedies of the twenty-first century which will keep their profits at current levels. 目前所有的大型企业都在寻找如何在21世纪大力促销的灵丹妙药，以使利润保持目前水平。
Block release （到高校进行一周或几周的）短期脱产进修
e.g. We are short-staffed at the moment as two of our team are on block release. 我们目前人手不足， 因为小组里有两人脱产学习。
Blue chip 1 蓝筹股, 绩优股
e.g. She put her money into blue chips .她把钱投资在绩优股上
Blue chip 2
e.g. Private investors unwilling to tolerate high levels of risk can reduce this uncertainty by buying shares in blue chip companies.
common law system 和 civil law system 的比较哪个英文最好
大陆法系和英美法系的比较：
1，分类不同，英美法系分普通法和衡平发，大陆法系分公法私法
2，法官在诉讼中的地位不同，英美法系奉行当事人主义，法官是中立者，大陆法系国家，法官占主导地位、
3 法律渊源不同，英美法系国家包括判例法，大陆法系国家不包括
4，法律编撰形式不同，大陆法系国家采用法典的形式，英美法系国家不然。
1、大陆法系的特点：(1)全面继承罗马法：吸收了许多罗马私法的原则、制度，如赋予某些人的集合体以特定的权利能力和行为能力；所有权的绝对性，取得财产的各种方法，某人享有他人所有物的某些权利；侵权行为与契约制度；遗嘱继承与法定继承相结合制度等。还接受了罗马法学家的整套技术方法，如公法与私法的划分，人法、物法、诉讼法的私法体系，物权与债权的分类，所有与占有、使用、收益权地役权以及思维、推理的方式。(2)实行法典化，法律规范的抽象化概括化。(3)明确立法与司法的分工，强调制定法的权威，一般不承认法官的造法功能。(4)法学在推动法律发展中起着重要作用：法学创立了法典编纂和立法的理论基础，如自然法理论、分权学说、民族国家理论等，使法律适应社会发展需要的任务由法学家来完成。
2、英美法系，又称普通法法系、英国法系，是以英国自中世纪以来的法律，特别是以普通法为基础而发展起来的法律的总称。英美法系首先起源于11世纪诺曼人入侵英国后逐步形成的以判例形式出现的普通法。
英美法系包括英国法系和美国法系。英国法系采取不成文宪法制和单一制，法院设有"司法审查权"。美国法系采用成文宪法制和联邦制，法院有通过具体案件确定是否符合宪法的"司法审查权"，公民权利主要通过宪法规定。
英美法系的范围，除英国(不包括苏格兰)、美国外，主要是曾是英国殖民地、附属国的国家和地区，如印度、巴基斯坦、新加坡、缅甸、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚等。中国香港地区也属于英美法系。
英美法系特点：(1)以英国为中心，英国普通法为基础；(2)以判例法为主要表现形式，遵循先例；(3)变革相对缓慢，具有保守性，"向后看"的思维习惯；(4)在法律发展中，法官具有突出作用；(5)体系庞杂，缺乏系统性；(6)注重程序的"诉讼中心主义"。
Civil and common law of : 1 classification, common law and equitable development of the Common Law minutes. 2 hours, private civil law, the judge in the proceedings, the parties to pursue common law doctrine. Judges are neutral and civil law countries, dominated by judges, three different legal sources. case law, including common law countries, civil law countries, including four laws written form, countries in the form of a civil code, not common law countries. 1, civil features : (1) inherited the Roman absorbed many Rome : Private principle, If certain people in the assembly and the right to a specific act; the absolute nature of ownership, obtaining property by various means, from a person entitled to all the rights of others; tort and contract system; intestate succession and inheritance combined system. Roman scientists have received the full set of technical methods, such as the demarcation of public and private law, human, material, whom the private system. the classification of property and creditors, all with possession, use and yield the right of way easement and thinking, reasoning method. (2) implementation of the Code and the laws regulating the abstract generalization. (3) a clear division of the legislature and judiciary and stressed the authority of law, the judge said the law does not generally recognize function. (4) Law plays an important role in promoting the development of the law : the law created a theoretical basis for the codification and the legislature, If natural law theory, the separation of powers doctrine, nation-state theory. make the law meet the needs of social development tasks to be completed by the jurists. 2, the common law system, known as common-law, British law, since the law is based on English since the Middle Ages. In particular, the development of common law legal basis for the skies. Common Law origin of the first Norman invasion of Britain in the 11th century, after evolving in the form of common law jurisprudence. British common law, including law and the United States law. Britain adopted an unwritten constitutional law system and a single system, the court has "the right to judicial review." USA and France by using a written constitution and federalism. Court to the constitutionality of a specific case to determine whether the "judicial review" on civil rights, mainly through constitutional provisions. The scope of the common law, with the exception of the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland), the United States, is used to be a British colony. subsidiary's countries and regions, such as India, Pakistan, Singapore, Myanmar, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia. China's Hong Kong region is also common law. Anglo-American legal system characteristics : (1) to the United Kingdom as the center, based on English common law; (2) to the case law as the main form. follow precedent; (3) changes in the relative slow, conservative, "backward" thinking habits. (4) the development of law, the judge has a prominent role; (5) The system of allocation of resources, lack of systemic; (6) process-oriented "legal point of view."
求一些常用法律的专业术语，以及其解释。谢谢！
法律术语
draft 法案,草案
government bill 政府议案
to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案
to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律
decree 法令
clause 条款
minutes 备忘录
ratification, confirmation 批准
law enforcement 法律的实施
to come into force 生效
report 判例汇编
codification 法律汇编
jurisprudence 法学
legality, lawfulness 法制,合法
legal, lawful 合法的；依法的
to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法
outlaw 宣布…不合法
to abolish 废止,取消（法律；制度等）
legislation 立法
legislator 立法者
jurist 法学家
cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同)
annulment 判决无效
code of mercantile law 商法典
civil rights 公民权利
right of asylum 避难权
human rights, rights of man 人权
(customs) duties 关税
immunity 豁免；豁免权
attainder 被剥夺公民权及财产
penal code 刑法典
estate duty 遗产税
royalties 版税
jury 陪审团
plead guilty 承认有罪
acquittal 被宣判无罪
custody 拘留
nullity of marriage 判决婚姻无效